Promotion of rural women's agricultural organizations in the

Province of Magdalena Centro-Cundinamarca.

Fomento de las Organizaciones de mujeres rurales agriculturas en la Provincia Magdalena Centro-

Cundinamarca

Article resulting from a research project financed by

Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios- UNIMINUTO

Jenifer Paola Garza Puentes

Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios UNIMINUTO.

E-mail: Jenifer.garza@uniminuto.edu

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-0340

http://centrosuragraria.com/index.php/revista

Published by: Edwards Deming Institute

Quito - Ecuador

April - June vol. 1. Num. 9 2021

Pages 92 - 106

This work is licensed under a Creative

Commons License

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

International.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-

sa/4.0/deed.es

RECEIVED: SEPTEMBER 18, 2020

ACCEPTED: JANUARY 08, 2021

PUBLISHED: APRIL 4, 2021

Fabian Jose Vera Vera, Leidy Isabel Calderón Sierra

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the department of Cundinamarca (Colombia) has suffered a decrease in

investment and, therefore, in the development of local agriculture. Within the department,

the province of Magdalena Centro has the highest poverty rates; the armed conflict that has

been going on for decades has encouraged forced displacement and lowered sustainability

indicators, so it is essential to encourage collective work and community development in this

region. The project "Dandelion, seeds for rural entrepreneurship in Cundinamarca" was

conceptually based on rural development with a territorial approach and, through the

DesignThinking methodology, a training plan was analyzed and proposed for rural women's

associations in the province; the plan was based on the diagnosis of problems in the

substantive, strategic and operational dimensions of the associations. For this purpose,

workshops and structured dynamics were carried out under the participatory rural approach

methodology, identifying that the training program should focus on intervention actions for

training in the areas of entrepreneurship, business development, financial management,

solidarity human relations and marketing fundamentals, and technical support in clean

production.

Keywords: Endogenous development, Rural development Agricultural development,

Agricultural policy, Agricultural enterprises

RESUMEN

En los últimos años, el departamento de Cundinamarca (Colombia) ha sufrido un

decrecimiento en la inversión y, por ende, en el desarrollo de la agricultura local. Dentro del

departamento, la provincia de Magdalena Centro tiene los índices más altos de pobreza; el

conflicto armado del que ha sido escenario durante décadas, ha fomentado el

desplazamiento forzado y bajado los indicadores de sustentabilidad, por lo que es

fundamental incentivar el trabajo colectivo y el desarrollo comunitario de esta región. El

proyecto "Dandelion, semillas para el emprendimiento rural en Cundinamarca”, se basó

conceptualmente en el desarrollo rural con un enfoque territorial, y, por medio de la

metodología de DesignThinking, se analizó y propuso un plan de formación para asociaciones

de mujeres campesinas de la provincia; plan que se basó en el diagnóstico de problemáticas

en las dimensiones sustantiva, estratégica y operativa de las asociaciones. Para esto, se

realizaron talleres y dinámicas estructuradas bajo la metodología de enfoque rural

participativo, identificando que el programa de formación se debía centrar en acciones de

intervención para la formación en las áreas de emprendimiento, el desarrollo empresarial, el

manejo financiero, las relaciones humanas solidarias y fundamentos en mercadeo, y apoyo

técnico en producción limpia.

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Palabras clave: desarrollo endógeno, Desarrollo rural Economía agraria Política agraria,

Empresa agrícola

INTRODUCTION

The following project was born from the initiative of teachers and students of the Corporación

Universitaria Minuto de Dios, Madrid Regional Center, San Juan de Rioseco Tutorial Center,

who observed the need to strengthen the solidarity sector, and accepted the challenge of

training and accompanying projects typified within this field. Likewise. The vocation of the

professionals working in the institution, and of the new professionals in training, led

UNIMINUTO to generate research and social projection proposals, focused on the solution of

daily problems of the inhabitants of the municipalities of the department of Cundinamarca;

in this case, the project "Dandelión, seeds for rural entrepreneurship in Cundinamarca.

Development of the organizational and entrepreneurial capacity of rural associations in the

province of Magdalena Centro", focused on supporting rural associations in the province of

Magdalena Centro and aimed at generating efficient training to enable entrepreneurship and

development of the province's associations.

In the department of Cundinamarca, the province of Magdalena Centro has the highest rates

of poverty, due to the decades in which it was submerged in the Colombian armed conflict,

but at the same time, it is one of the regions with the greatest agricultural activity due to the

potential of the soil and its diversity of climates. (Gobernación de Cundinamarca, 2015). .

Although its rural vocation can be seen as a potential for economic growth, in reality the small

farmers of the region do not have strategies and knowledge to carry out their productions, so

the economic gap between the rural area and the city (Bogota is three hours away from the

province), is increasingly higher.

According to the National Planning Department DNP (2015), small agricultural producers have

different problems to generate economically viable and sustainable production, among which

we find: low capacity of small producers to make medium and long-term investments and

increase their productivity; restrictions in the management of risks associated with

production; low bargaining power of producers when marketing their products; informality in

marketing contracts; low level of entrepreneurship; low technification and generation of

economies of scale; little or no vertical integration; and low levels of human capital formation.

These risks increase as farmers do not have the capacity to work as a team, generating

individual, unsustainable production with a high probability of failure.

The Presidential Agency for Social Action (2006), shows in the conceptual framework of the

report "Productive organizations that make alternative development possible in Colombia",

that peasant organizations face different common problems, among which the following

Fabian Jose Vera Vera, Leidy Isabel Calderón Sierra

stand out: 1. Lack of strengthening in terms of collective and equitable participation among

the members that make up the organization, 2.

Based on the identification of these problems, the objective of the "Integral Rural

Development Program with a Territorial Approach", led by the inter-institutional technical

roundtable composed of the Office of the High Commissioner for Peace (OACP), the Office of

the Minister Counselor for Post-Conflict, Human Rights and Security and the National

Planning Department (DNP), sought, through education and active participation of society

(participatory governance), to generate productive, institutional and social transformation

processes in rural territories, where the inhabitants, duly organized and trained, are

responsible for the productive, institutional and social transformation of the territories,

sought, through education and the active participation of society (participatory governance),

to generate processes of productive, institutional and social transformation of rural

territories, where the inhabitants, duly organized and trained, have the primary responsibility

for managing the development of their territories. This same work approach has become the

pillar of the integral agrarian development proposal, generated by the government, and a

fundamental basis for the post-agreement. Talking about endogenous development and

participatory governance in favor of the development of the country's agricultural territories,

envisions the possibility of transforming the conditions that have allowed the establishment

of violence and its long duration in rural areas, with lower levels of development and

institutionality. (Office of the High Commissioner for Peace (OHCHR), 2016). .

On the other hand, the project was based on the theoretical foundations of solidarity

economy, especially the concepts of solidarity economy, popular solidarity proposed by José

Luis Coragio (2008), and by Ladrón de Guevara, R.; Vargas Prieto, A.; Blanco, L.; Roa, E.;

Cáceres, L. & Vargas Luis. (2018), and the epistemological approach proposed by Paulo Freire,

on which peasant schools are based, a fundamental concept of agroecology.

For this reason, the purpose of this project was to propose an educational plan that would

involve farmers as active individuals who require the development of basic competencies and

the learning of specific knowledge in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship. The ultimate

goal of the project was to be extended as a strategy of social projection, with the aim of

generating business development processes with emphasis on clean production, processes of

social appropriation of knowledge with the different actors of the municipalities of San Juan

de Rioseco, Guayabal de Síquima and Vianí; and as a strategy for the development of

citizenship processes and active social participation of the inhabitants of the region.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The project was developed under a participatory research approach with a qualitative-

descriptive tendency, aiming to answer the question: what are the social and administrative

problems that affect the competitive development of agricultural producers' associations in

the region of San Juan de Rioseco and Guayabal de Síquima?

The project was based on the application of the DesingThinking methodology, which

according to Vianna, Alder, Lucena, & Russo (2016), is an "innovative model of research and

prototyping tailored to the needs of the participants". The proposed methodology was

divided into 5 phases which are: empathizing, defining, co-creation of a prototype (ideation),

implementation and evaluation, this last phase was not managed to be carried out in the

project and it is expected to make the evaluation of the proposal in a future project.

Before applying the methodology, the agricultural associations in the region were

characterized and a sample of them was selected for the development of the pilot project.

After selecting the sample, the first phase of the methodology, the "empathizing" phase, was

implemented to diagnose the problems of each association in the areas of administration,

finances, job security and entrepreneurship. To achieve this, a survey was conducted with 50

farmers from 5 selected associations. After conducting the survey, and having already

empathized with the associations, the next phase was to "define" the problems of each

association, for which a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was conducted under different

group dynamics with methodologies such as problem tree and social mapping. After having

the results of the survey and the PRA, the third phase followed with the "co-creation of the

prototype of the training or assistance plan", which was carried out with the evaluation of the

diagnosis, through joint work with experts and with the farmers surveyed during this work.

The proposed training plan was taken to "Implementation" with two associations that showed

interest in continuing to work with the project, the proposed plan was a co-created work

between experts and farmers, responding to the methodological development proposed by

the PENUD and ECLAC. (Roura & Cepeda, 1999; Licandro, 2012). .

RESULTS

Phase 1. Selection

Seven rural associations with agricultural vocation were identified in the province, of which

five were selected for the first diagnostic phase. The selection criteria were:

1. Associations in operation and in the process of consolidation or initiating an

associative process.

2. Associations of agricultural production or commercialization of manufactured

agricultural products.

Fabian Jose Vera Vera, Leidy Isabel Calderón Sierra

3. Women's or minority associations.

Table 1

List of selected partnerships for the first phase of the project

MUNICIPALITY

ASSOCIATION

Nº ASSOCIATES

ACTIVITY

Guayabal de

Síquima

AGUAYCAFE

Sugarcane, coffee, livestock

AGROSÍQUIMA

Coffee and panela

ASOAGRO GUAYABAL

DE SIQUIMA

Cultivation of aromatic plants

San Juan de

Rio Seco

ASOCAUCHEROS

Rubber cultivation

SANSOYA

Transformation of soybean

products.

ASOSANJUANERAS

Integral farm - women.

ASOPANELA

Panela cultivation.

Taking into account that the population was infinite (the census of the population would be

wasteful considering the man/sample ratio), we proceeded to determine the sample size with

a significance of 90% and an error of 36%, determining a minimum of 5 surveys to be carried

out per association. The sample was determined by means of an Excel macro from the website

http://www.colombiamercadeo.com/documentos-de-aprendizaje/4-documentos-para-

aprendizaje/50-calcule-sumuestra-gratuitamente.html.

Phase 2. Empathize and define (diagnosis of associations).

After determining the sample, the associations were surveyed: ASOSANJUANERAS,

ASOPANELA, ASOCAUCHEROS, AGROSIQUIMA AND ASOAGRO GUAYABAL DE SÍQUIMA. The

associations Sansoya and agua y café commented that they were not interested in working in

the research process. The survey consisted of 5 sections: 1. General data; 2.

According to the results of the statistical-descriptive analysis of the survey, all the associations

do not know the processes of solidarity economy and the real basis for the functioning of an

association; two of the five associations surveyed do not know their work plan and the

objective of the association, and only the leaders say they know the organizational processes

of the association. The members of the associations live 25-45 minutes away from each other,

which reduces their teamwork process. All of the associations surveyed said that their biggest

problem is the marketing of their products, and although all five associations market their

products in their town square, only two associations have external buyers for their products.

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All of the associations were diagnosed with a lack of knowledge of occupational safety and

process certification.

After the second phase of participatory diagnosis, it was concluded that the associations

would need training actions in the areas of entrepreneurship and business development;

explicitly in organization, financial management and marketing fundamentals; it was also

determined the need to develop training processes in human relations and teamwork (the

main problem for the sustainability of the associations is perceived as the lack of commitment

of its participants), and in technological processes of soil and water management, as a

strategy for adaptation to climate change.

During this phase, a low participation of farmers was evidenced, which is already a result in

itself, since most associations did not work with the university because they do not see a

monetary profit or marketing contacts, showing that they are accustomed to receive profit or

support from institutions.

The results of the description of two of the associations can be seen in Figures 2 and 3, which

describe the demographic, social and economic characterization of the associations with

which the following phases of the project were finally developed. Likewise, in the article by

Garza Puentes (2016), the description of one of the associations can be seen, which was

carried out by means of Checklan's soft systems methodology, MSS.

Figure 1Description of the asoagro guayabal de síquima association. own source

Fabian Jose Vera Vera, Leidy Isabel Calderón Sierra

Figure 2description of the ASOPANELA association, San Juan de Rioseco. own source.

Phase 3 and 4. Co-creation and implementation (Pilot Test of training plan)

After the diagnosis, and with the aim of generating assertive and effective processes, it was

decided to continue working with only two associations: ASOAGRO GUAYABAL DE SÍQUIMA

and ASOPANELA, who are interested in continuing the work with the university and renew

their commitment to the project.

This phase of the project was carried out with 10th semester students of the business

administration program of the San Juan de Rioseco Tutorial Center, who developed their

professional practices and degree projects as valuable contributions to the project, and with

8th semester professional practice students of the occupational health administration

program of the Villeta tutorial center.

Three (3) workshops were held with the two associations mentioned above, the workshops

were divided into: baseline training (common to both) and specific topics (according to the

specific needs of the association).

The topics covered were:

• Occupational Health: Asoagro Guayabal del Síquima

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• Strengthening of associative processes: Amabas associations

• Sustainable financial management: ASOPANELA

• Entrepreneurship and Teamwork: both partnerships.

The proposed workshops were complemented with visits to agricultural research and

development scenarios by the farmers, with the aim of encouraging the work of the

associations with Uniminuto, and with the objective of generating spaces of social

appropriation and dynamic learning for the farmers.

Starting from the fact that the objective of solidarity economy is to fight against inequality,

poverty and social and economic discrimination, making a special emphasis on endogenous

and economy development of minorities and those who have less social and economic

opportunity (Ladrón de Guevara et al, 2018), this, is an appropriate vision for the analysis of

the realities of social organizations in Colombia, since in a country with so many economic

imbalances, which impact the income of human capital and increase social inequality (an

evident case in the analyzed associations), it is necessary to generate proposals that help to

interweave social processes, which have been disturbed by the problems of national security,

the corruption of the political classes and the positions of free trade and the "market

economy" that have affected peasants and increased the pauperization of their quality of life

(Gómez Rodríguez, Ibagón Martín, & Forero Cañón, 2014). .

Likewise, for the case of rural development analysis, and the development of inclusive and

sustainable enterprises, it is necessary to take into account that the productivity of a business

should not be measured by the increase in production areas, but in the progressive reduction

in production costs, satisfying internal and external demand, preserving the ecological

integrity and productive capacity of natural resources, and the improvement in the

environmental quality of these processes (Bohorquez Carillo A., Lendechy A., and Florez

Novelo A. 2020). For this reason, training the farmer in management and business

development, in addition to agricultural and technological processes that are focused on

clean production and soil and water sustainability, will lead us to the "sustainable

empowerment" of the countryside, in fusion with the development of farmers and their

families.

In the female case, the associative phenomenon, should occur through the model proposed

by Mora Guerrero and Constanzo Belmar (2017), where the associates "jointly articulate

multiple purposes whose origin is located in the sexual division of labor of the family unit".

According to the authors, the associative process must go through three moments: (i) the a-

associative phase, marked by women's productive activity, according to the traditional sexual

division of labor; (ii) the pre-associative phase, during which women form an associative

Fabian Jose Vera Vera, Leidy Isabel Calderón Sierra

venture according to various personal purposes; and (iii) the associative phase, in which the

venture functions according to the articulation of multiple internal positions, occupied by

women according to the way they harmonize their associative roles with their places in the

traditional sexual division of labor. The three phases described above allow women to fulfill

their associative role, to empower themselves, but at the same time to achieve the economic

objective they desire.

As shown by this study and articles such as those by Mora Guerrero and Constanzo Belmar

(2017), Hoinle, B., Rothfuss, R., & Gotto, D. (2013), comments that women with economic or

minority deprivation seek to start a business, since "association to a cooperative offers

women the possibility of working with more self-determination and to develop their own

skills", but, they face problems of self-management and self-esteem, which must be managed

with constant accompaniment.

Likewise, it should be taken into account that if the issue of empowerment and equal work is

difficult for women in the cities (Hoinle, et al. 2013), in rural areas the precariousness and

poverty is greater, as is the perception of machismo (power relations within the household)

and inequalities in the distribution of household work, not to mention that the technology

associated with home care, and security and health facilities, are difficult to acquire in rural

areas Alberti-Manzanares, P.; Zavala-Hernández, M.; Salcido-Ramos, B.; & Real-Luna, N.

(2014). Thus, the empowerment of rural women goes hand in hand with the development of

their work and their "independence", since throughout this work it was perceived that

women's participation in the process was reduced and conditioned by the "support" or

"permission" of their partners.

In general, the solidarity organizations in the two municipalities have similar administrative

and production problems. At the beginning of their activities as associates, they do not receive

information for their legal, administrative and productive performance; and if they do receive

it, it is given at the discretion of the speaker and generally with technical language. The

institutions that accompanied the process of organizational growth supported in an

uncoordinated manner, creating in the associates the distortion of concepts and procedures

for the development of their activity, in such a way that they quickly "lost the north", creating

in the members expectations of actions that do not correspond to the purpose of the

accompaniment.

Contrary to what is documented by CIREC (2015), which comments that 80% of the social

organizations in the country state that they have received sufficient information on the

characteristics of the type of organization they develop; in this diagnosis, only one association

stated this situation, and even the lack of awareness towards the creation and development

of the association is one of the strongest shortcomings of the remaining associations.

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Likewise, in this same document it is commented that 65% of the social organizations

surveyed, comment on their positive impact towards peaceful coexistence; but in the

associations analyzed in this research, although indeed the majority of those surveyed

perceive the same, the group workshops show that in reality coexistence and teamwork are

the most important shortcomings in these associations. It is worth noting that CIREC (2015),

highlights that this condition of "low associativity" is common at the beginning of the

associative processes, coinciding with the fact that the associations analyzed in this study,

only one, can be said to have been founded more than four years ago and considers itself a

consolidated association.

Likewise, Hoinle, et al. (2013) comments that one of the obstacles in the beginning of the

development of a cooperative or association is teamwork, "Many women are used to working

with a boss and obeying". Self-management is precisely a topic of work for these associations,

thus seeking the empowerment of women, and with them the growth of the association, as

stated by Brumer and Dos Anjos, (2008, p. 225), cited by Hoinle, et al. (2013) Women are first

organized out of necessity: "From the struggle for land" in the encampments women, go on

to "discuss problems of the feminine condition; so the concept of transformative potential

unfolds from immediate needs to more universal issues of society and gender roles" .

With respect to the reasons why to associate, as well as the results of Gómez, Aguilar, Pineda,

Collazos, Herrera and Rojas (2015), the associations of the two municipalities associated in

order to achieve trade agreements, better prices in the market and growth opportunities,

but, they have begun to become disillusioned with the process; or even have given up on it,

because not knowing the processes and not persevering in the same, leads them to feel

disappointed and abandon the association.

According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE (2013),

approximately 74% of MSMEs (small business units) are rural, and provide more than 56% of

rural employment, however, a large number of small and medium producers in the

agricultural sector do not make appropriate decisions on issues of financing, marketing and

strategic trade alliances; and mostly leave the trade of their products to third parties that

acquire their products at very low costs and sell them on the market at high prices. In this

case, the associations analyzed commented that they "felt used" by third parties for profit,

without generating real economic sustainability for the associates and, as stated by

Bohorquez Carillo, et al (2020), the results of this experience are "unequal conditions of

commercial exchange and generate imbalances, which leads to small producers continuing to

live in conditions of poverty". Fair trade is precisely one of the pillars of the social economy or

solidarity economy and, therefore, it would be interesting to conduct a study on fair market

prices and strategies with the associations in the area.

Fabian Jose Vera Vera, Leidy Isabel Calderón Sierra

On the other hand, according to Fantova (2014), the accompaniment process for associative

entrepreneurship processes should last at least five years, a situation that has not been visible

in the associations analyzed, which have been created an average of two years ago, and have

not received state or private sector support for their development. They all comment that the

only support for their growth is provided by SENA (academic ally of this project), and in some

cases, for rubber and coffee production, by the corresponding federations. This lack of

support generates a feeling of "distrust" towards the organizations and the state, making it

difficult to work with the organizations and all their members.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, one of the most important problems that demonstrate and afflict the five

associations and that is also documented by CIREC (2015), is the reduced market and

commercialization capacity they have. This fundamental factor for their development, and

which shows a lack of articulation between the state, the academy and the associations;

reduces the possibility of generating endogenous development process, through appropriate

training, articulation of the trade network and fair prices and sustainable market for the

products. Affirming this result, associations such as AGROSIQUIMA and Agua y Café, which

are consolidated associations, were not interested in the project, since they consider that

they are over-trained by academic entities, and are only interested in financing processes and

trade networks.

From the academic point of view, direct intervention in the territories, such as the cases

presented in this project, constitutes a useful tool, since they provide new conceptual

structures that will allow the development of methodological perspectives on the associative

character and regional entrepreneurship, as well as a source of new hypotheses and

questions, which will surely be addressed by other research.

Finally, in relation to the students, with the practice in the exercise of research and within it

the application of methodological tools, they reinforced concepts and theories, which will

allow them to solve social problems, advocating for a business development open to the

participating society, which shortens distances between social classes, modifies structures

and opens effective channels of security with real opportunities for all. Likewise, the results

of the project can be considered as a methodology in the application of the University Social

Responsibility model, since the Corporation not only seeks to train excellent professionals but

also human beings, ethically oriented and committed to social transformation and sustainable

development of the regions (Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios-UNIMINUTO 2014);

therefore, it is demonstrated that the research conducted at the university can have a social-

business approach, of active participation with the community and that allow the

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development of citizenship skills and responsibility in students and professors working at the

university.

Another of the contributions of this study was the identification of the needs of the

agricultural sector in the province, thus providing the farmers with the opportunity to learn

directly about the tools and techniques that will allow them to be aware of the cost of

producing their products and what they should charge for them, thus mitigating possible

losses. In addition to this, the farmers of the region who are part of the villages under study,

had the opportunity to strengthen their skills, to have a greater appropriation of the economic

and financial problems that they face in their daily lives, since the training received had the

ultimate goal of contributing to the social and individual strengthening of the participants.

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